The quantum Zeno effect (Misra & Sudarshan 1977): a two-level system oscillating at Rabi frequency Ω, measured every τ, has survival probability P = cos²(Ωτ/2) per measurement. With n=t/τ measurements: P(t) = cos²ⁿ(Ωτ/2). For τ→0, P→1 (Zeno freezing). For τ→∞, unitary evolution. There's also an anti-Zeno effect: at intermediate τ matching the bath spectral density, measurements can accelerate decay (Facchi et al 2000).