Wigner Crystal

Electrons crystallize when Coulomb repulsion dominates kinetic energy. The Wigner-Seitz radius r_s = r₀/a₀ controls the transition.

r_s parameter: 10 Temperature (kT/E₀): 0.05 N electrons: 60

r_s > ~100: Wigner crystal (bcc/triangular)
r_s < 1: Free electron gas
Phase: Liquid