Viscous Fingering — Hele-Shaw Displacement

Saffman-Taylor instability: low-viscosity fluid invades high-viscosity fluid

The Saffman-Taylor (1958) instability occurs when a less viscous fluid displaces a more viscous one in a Hele-Shaw cell (two closely-spaced plates). The flat interface is unstable: perturbations grow into fractal fingers. Surface tension provides the only stabilization, selecting a characteristic finger width proportional to (gamma/mu*v)^(1/2).