Vesicle Shape — Helfrich Bending Energy

Helfrich energy: F = ∫(κ/2)(2H)² dA + κ_G ∫K dA. Vesicle shape determined by reduced volume v = V/(4π/3·R₀³), where R₀ = (A/4π)^½.

Reduced Volume v 0.80

Bending Rigidity κ 20 k_BT

Spontaneous Curvature c₀ 0.00

Shape: Sphere | Bending energy: 0.00 κ | Mean curvature H uniform over surface