Lotka-Volterra Two-Species Competition

α₁₂ (sp2→sp1): 0.8
α₂₁ (sp1→sp2): 0.8
K₁: 1.0
K₂: 1.0
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Lotka-Volterra competition: dN₁/dt = r₁N₁(1−N₁/K₁−α₁₂N₂/K₁). Outcome depends on isocline intersections: coexistence (stable equilibrium), competitive exclusion (one species wins), or bistability (initial conditions determine outcome).