Richardson Pair Dispersion — ⟨r²⟩ ∝ t³ Law

Richardson (1926) found that particle pairs in turbulence separate super-diffusively: ⟨r²(t)⟩ ∝ ε t³, where ε is the energy dissipation rate. This "Richardson's t³ law" reflects the multi-scale nature of turbulent eddies.

t = 0.00 | ⟨r²⟩ = 0.00