Turbulent Boundary Layer — Log Law of the Wall

von Kármán Constant κ ≈ 0.41 | Viscous Sublayer | Buffer Layer | Log Region

Boundary Layer Parameters

Viscous sublayer (y⁺ < 5): u⁺ = y⁺ (linear, viscous shear dominates).
Buffer layer (5 < y⁺ < 30): transition region, Spalding law interpolates.
Log region (y⁺ > 30): u⁺ = (1/κ)·ln(y⁺) + B, where u⁺ = u/u_τ, y⁺ = y·u_τ/ν, u_τ = √(τ_w/ρ).
Wake region: outer layer correction (Coles wake parameter). Skin friction: C_f = τ_w/(½ρU²). Clauser chart uses log law to infer u_τ from velocity profiles experimentally. κ=0.41, B=5.2 are empirical constants confirmed across many flows.