Wall-bounded turbulence: viscous sublayer, buffer layer, log law of the wall
u+_max: 0 | viscous sublayer ends at y+=5
The law of the wall u⁺ = (1/κ) ln(y⁺) + B describes the mean velocity profile in turbulent boundary layers. Three regions emerge: the viscous sublayer (y⁺<5, u⁺=y⁺), the buffer layer (5<y⁺<30), and the log-law region (y⁺>30). Von Karman constant κ≈0.41 is universal across many flows. The flow visualization shows turbulent streaks with random eddies.