Trophic Cascade — Keystone Predator

3-trophic-level ODE: apex predator (P), herbivore (H), vegetation (V). Removing the predator triggers mesopredator release and vegetation collapse — the classic "ecology of fear."

Parameters

Predator removal rate m: 0.10 Herbivore growth r_H: 0.8 P-H attack rate a₁: 0.50 H-V attack rate a₂: 0.30 Vegetation carry K: 10.0

Current State

Predator P—

Herbivore H—

Vegetation V—

Cascade event—

Predator

Herbivore

Vegetation

Trophic Cascade — Keystone Predator Removal

Parameters

Current State