Transcription Factor Binding

3D diffusion + 1D sliding — finding a binding site in a sea of DNA
Simulation
Statistics
TF molecules: 0
Bound: 0
Sliding: 0
3D diffusing: 0
Binding events: 0
Mean search: steps
Theory
Berg-Winter-von Hippel 1981
Optimal search: mix of
3D diffusion + 1D sliding

kon ~10⁸–10¹⁰ M⁻¹s⁻¹
(faster than 3D diffusion)

Energy landscape:
Specific site: −ΔG deep
Non-specific: shallow
Sliding correlates ~50bp