Topological Insulator — Spin-Momentum Locking

Helical Dirac cone · Surface states · Z₂ topological invariant

Band Structure Parameters

Surface Hamiltonian:
H = vF(kx σy − ky σx) + Δσz + λ(k+³+k−³)σz

Spin-momentum locking: spin direction is locked perpendicular to momentum — backscattering by non-magnetic impurities is forbidden.

Z₂ invariant ν=1: odd number of Dirac points on surface BZ. Δ=0 is the topological phase; Δ≠0 opens gap and destroys topology.

Warping (hexagonal) distorts circle → snowflake at higher k — observed in Bi₂Te₃.