XY Model — Vortex-Antivortex Dynamics & BKT Transition
H = -J Σ cos(θᵢ−θⱼ) | BKT: T_BKT = πJ/2 | Vortex: winding ±1 = ∮∇θ·dl / 2π
Temperature T/J
1.20
System size N
40
Speed
5
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ON
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Vortices: 0 | Antivortices: 0