Kuramoto model — coupled oscillators spontaneously synchronize
Each firefly has phase θᵢ and natural frequency ωᵢ drawn from a Gaussian. Kuramoto coupling: dθᵢ/dt = ωᵢ + (K/N)Σⱼ sin(θⱼ − θᵢ). The order parameter R = |⟨e^{iθ}⟩| measures synchrony (0=chaos, 1=perfect sync). Critical coupling Kc = 2/πg(0) where g is the frequency distribution.