Stochastic Lotka-Volterra — Master Equation vs ODE

dX/dt = αX−βXY | dY/dt = δXY−γY | Demographic noise ~ 1/√N
ODE (deterministic):
Ẋ = αX − βXY
Ẏ = δXY − γY

Stochastic (Gillespie):
Rates: birth(X)=α·X
death(X)=β·X·Y
birth(Y)=δ·X·Y
death(Y)=γ·Y

Fixed pt: X*=γ/δ, Y*=α/β
Noise ~ 1/√N → extinction risk
0.60
0.08
0.06
0.50
15
X: 0 | Y: 0