Stem Cells

Pluripotency, differentiation landscapes, and organoid growth
Pluripotent (iPSC)
Neural Progenitor
Cardiomyocyte
Hepatocyte
Epithelial

Pluripotency

Maintained by Oct4, Sox2, Nanog transcription factor network — small changes flip cells toward any lineage.

Waddington Landscape

Differentiation as a ball rolling downhill through an epigenetic valley — cell fate stabilizes at attractor states.

Organoids

3D self-organizing mini-organs grown from stem cells, recapitulating brain, gut, kidney architecture in vitro.