Perron-Frobenius Theorem — Dominant Eigenvector of Nonneg. Matrix

Every irreducible nonnegative matrix A has a unique largest real eigenvalue ρ(A) (the spectral radius) with a strictly positive eigenvector. Power iteration x ← Ax/‖Ax‖ converges to this Perron vector.


Left: matrix heatmap. Center: graph (weights as edge widths). Right: power iteration convergence of x.