Species Counterpoint

Physics: 1st species: consonances only — perfect (P1,P5,P8) or imperfect (M3,m3,M6,m6); dissonance forbidden. 2nd species: passing note allowed on weak beat connecting consonances. 3rd species: consonant on beat 1&3; cambiata figure (neighbor tone pattern). 4th species: suspension — consonance prepared on weak beat, held to strong beat creating dissonance (7-6 or 4-3), resolved down by step. 5th species: all techniques combined (florid). Schoenberg's "Fundamentals of Musical Composition" (1967) extends these principles to tonal harmony.