Solar Flares

Magnetic reconnection, coronal mass ejections, and space weather
Magnetic flux: 50 G
Solar wind: 400 km/s

X-Ray Flux

C1.0

GOES classification: A,B,C,M,X (log scale, X10 = 10⁻⁴ W/m²)

CME Speed

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Typical: 400–3000 km/s. Fastest: ~3500 km/s. Earth transit: 1–3 days

Kp Index

2

Planetary geomagnetic activity: 0–9. Kp≥5 = geomagnetic storm (G1+)

Reconnection Rate

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Sweet-Parker rate ~ (η/L)^½; Petschek: much faster due to slow-mode shocks