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Time domain
Frequency domain (FFT)
Waveform
Frequency 220 Hz
Amplitude 1.00
Frequency 330 Hz
Amplitude 0.80
Frequency 440 Hz
Amplitude 0.60
White noise 0.00
Cutoff freq 500 Hz
Bandwidth 200 Hz

Signals and spectra

Every periodic signal can be decomposed into a sum of sine waves at different frequencies. The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) computes this decomposition efficiently, revealing the frequency content hidden in a waveform. A pure sine wave produces a single spike in the spectrum; a square wave reveals the odd harmonics (1, 3, 5, 7...) that compose it.

Filtering

A low-pass filter removes frequencies above a cutoff, smoothing the signal. A high-pass filter removes frequencies below the cutoff, isolating rapid oscillations. A band-pass filter keeps only a narrow range of frequencies. In the frequency domain, filtering is multiplication — zeroing out the unwanted frequencies.

Additive synthesis

Mixing signals is simply adding their waveforms point by point. This is the basis of additive synthesis in audio: any sound can be built from sine waves. The chord preset demonstrates this — three pure tones at harmonic intervals.