Physics: Total serialism (Messiaen "Mode de valeurs et d'intensités", 1949): 36 pitches × 24 durations × 12 dynamics × 12 attacks — all parameters derived from series. Boulez "Structures" (1952): mechanical application exposed limits of total control. Webern's rows: often palindromic or with hexachordal symmetry. Babbitt (1955): all-combinatorial hexachords. Post-serialists (Ligeti, Lachenmann) rejected total control while retaining systematic thinking. Xenakis's stochastic music emerged partly as a reaction to serialism's determinism.