Active temperaments:

Pythagorean comma: stacking 12 pure fifths (3/2)¹² overshoots 7 octaves by ≈23.5¢

Syntonic comma: 4 fifths up = major third (81/64) vs pure (5/4) — off by 21.5¢

Equal temp.: spreads comma evenly; every fifth is 1.96¢ flat

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