Saddle-Node Bifurcation

The normal form ẋ = r + x² is the simplest bifurcation: for r < 0 two fixed points exist (stable + unstable), at r = 0 they merge, and for r > 0 they annihilate — no equilibria remain. This "blue-sky" disappearance underlies excitability, switches, and catastrophes.

r (bifurcation param) -0.50
Left: phase portrait ẋ vs x with flow arrows  |  Right: bifurcation diagram (stable=solid, unstable=dashed)