Quantum Phase Estimation (Kitaev)

QPE circuit: eigenphase extraction via QFT and controlled-U^(2^k) gates

Parameters

True φ:
Estimated φ̂:
Error:
Resolution 1/2ⁿ:
QPE algorithm:
1. Prepare n ancilla qubits in |0⟩, apply H
2. Controlled-U^(2^k) on target eigenstate
3. Inverse QFT on ancilla register
4. Measure: p(j) ∝ |sin(π(φ−j/2^n)·2^n)|²/|sin(π(φ−j/2^n))|²

Precision: δφ = 1/2ⁿ with probability > 8/π² ≈ 81%

Used in Shor's algorithm (phase = k·ord/N) and quantum chemistry (eigenvalues of H).