3-SPECIES FOOD CHAIN

Hastings-Powell model: x'=ax(1-x)-f₁(x)y, y'=f₁(x)y-d₁y-f₂(y)z, z'=f₂(y)z-d₂z. Chaos via torus breakdown.

Time

X-Y

Y-Z

X-Z

Prey growth a: 1.0 Pred. death d₁: 0.4 Top death d₂: 0.01 c₁ (sat. prey): 5.0 c₂ (sat. pred): 0.1