Phase-Field Model: Dendrite Solidification
The phase-field equation ∂φ/∂t = M[∇·(ε²∇φ) + φ(1−φ)(φ−½+30εm·anisotropy)] models crystal growth with anisotropic surface energy.
Phase φ: 1=solid (white/blue), 0=liquid (black). Dendritic tips grow along preferred crystal axes.