Feynman Paths (x vs τ)
Position Density ρ(x)
Potential V(x)
PIMC: Feynman's path integral maps quantum partition function Z = Tr[e^{-βH}] onto a
classical ring polymer with P beads (imaginary time slices). Each bead interacts harmonically with neighbors
(kinetic term) and with the potential V(x). Monte Carlo samples the Boltzmann distribution of ring polymers.
S_E = Σ[mP/2β²·(x_k - x_{k+1})² + β/P·V(x_k)]