Order Parameter Field

Phase transitions, domain walls, and topological defects in 2D

Model Temp T 1.0 J (coupling) 1.0 Steps/frame 5

XY model: E = −J Σ cos(θᵢ−θⱼ). Topological defects = vortices (winding number ±1). ϕ⁴: double-well potential, domain walls separate ±v regions. KT transition at T_KT.