Duffing Oscillator: Nonlinear Resonance

The Duffing equation ẍ + γẋ + x + βx³ = F cos(ωt) exhibits a backbone curve that tilts the resonance peak — frequency pulling, hysteresis, and period-doubling bifurcations leading to chaos.

ẍ + γẋ + x + βx³
= F·cos(ωt)

Backbone: ω_r² ≈ 1 + 3β/4·A²
Amplitude:
Period: