Nonequilibrium Fluctuations: Hatano-Sasa Identity

Overdamped Langevin dynamics in a driven nonequilibrium steady state. Visualize trajectory distributions and the Hatano-Sasa excess entropy production.

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Hatano-Sasa (2001)
ẋ = μ(−∂V/∂x + F) + √(2μT)·ξ

Excess entropy: σ_ex = −∂ₜln φ_ss along trajectory

HS identity: ⟨e^{−σ_ex}⟩ = 1

Generalizes Jarzynski to nonequilibrium steady states. Drive F tilts potential; particles accumulate on downhill side.

NESS: probability current J = φ_ss·(F − T∂ₓln φ_ss) ≠ 0.