Network topology — colored by oscillator phase
Master Stability Function Λ(α) — sync iff Λ<0 for α∈[ε·λ₂, ε·λ_N]
Oscillator phases over time
Laplacian eigenvalue spectrum
Parameters
λ₂ (algebraic conn.):—
λ_N (max eigenval):—
Ratio λ_N/λ_2:—
Sync criterion:—
Order param R:—
Synchrony:
Pecora–Carroll MSF: Network synchronizes iff Master Stability Function Λ(αλ_k)<0 for all k=2..N. Ratio λ_N/λ_2 measures synchronizability — smaller is easier to sync.