Coupled oscillator networks with Laplacian eigenvalue synchronization analysis
Order parameter R = 0.00
The Master Stability Function (MSF) framework decouples network topology from node dynamics.
Synchronization requires σλ₂ > α where λ₂ is the Fiedler eigenvalue and σ is coupling strength.
The order parameter R = |⟨e^{iθ}⟩| measures global phase coherence across the oscillator network.