Network Synchronization — Master Stability Function

Pecora-Carroll MSF: synchronization is stable when σλ₂ falls in the negative-MSF region. Visualize coupled oscillator networks and sync stability as coupling σ varies.

Network & Coupling

OUT OF SYNC
MSF zero crossing: α* ≈ 0.40
λ₂ (Fiedler):
σλ₂:
Sync condition: σλ₂ > α*