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Network Motifs & Feed-Forward Loops

Milo et al. 2002 · 3-node subgraph census · transcription network overrepresentation

3-Node Directed Motifs

Z-score = (count_real - μ_random) / σ_random
Red = overrepresented in biological nets
Click "Count Motifs" to analyze subgraphs

Feed-Forward Loop Dynamics

C1-FFL (coherent): sign-sensitive delay.
X→Y→Z and X→Z (AND gate at Z).
Sign-off delay: Z off only after X off long enough.