Visualizing the fundamental domain of SL(2,Z) and the action of modular transformations on the upper half-plane
The Eisenstein series E_k(τ) = 1 − (2k/B_k) Σ σ_{k-1}(n) q^n where q = e^{2πiτ}. The colored region shows the fundamental domain |τ| ≥ 1, |Re(τ)| ≤ 1/2, with domain coloring revealing the complex structure of the modular form.