Lorenz '96 Weather Model

Edward Lorenz's 1996 atmospheric model: dX_k/dt = (X_{k+1}−X_{k-2})·X_{k-1} − X_k + F. K sites on a latitude circle represent weather variables. Chaotic for F≥5; ensemble members diverge exponentially (Lyapunov exponent λ > 0). Watch predictability collapse.

0.0
Model time (days)
Max |X_k|
Lyap. λ (est.)
Ensemble spread
Regime