Classical Nucleation Theory

ΔG(r) = 4πr²γ − (4/3)πr³·|Δμ|/v_m — barrier, critical radius, nucleation rate

r* = — nm, ΔG* = — kT

Undercooling ΔT (K)20

Surface tension γ (mJ/m²)30

Molar volume (cm³/mol)18.0

T_melt (K)273

CNT free energy: ΔG(r) = 4πr²γ − (4π/3)r³·|Δg_v|. Volume driving force Δg_v = ΔH_f·ΔT/(T_m·v_m). Critical radius r* = 2γ·v_m/(|Δμ|) where barrier ΔG* = (16π/3)·γ³·v_m²/(Δg_v)². Nucleation rate J ∝ exp(−ΔG*/kT).