Jamming Transition — Hard Sphere Packing

Hard disks compressed until they jam (can no longer move). The jamming point φ_J ≈ 0.64 (random close packing in 2D ≈ 0.82) is a critical point: below it, flow is possible; above it, the system develops rigidity and a yield stress.

Particles N 80
Compression 1.00×