Voltage-gated Na⁺/K⁺ channel kinetics driving the action potential
The Hodgkin-Huxley model (1952) describes membrane voltage V via Cm·dV/dt = I_ext − g_Na·m³h(V−E_Na) − g_K·n⁴(V−E_K) − g_L(V−E_L). Gating variables m (Na⁺ activation), h (Na⁺ inactivation), and n (K⁺ activation) follow first-order kinetics with voltage-dependent rate constants α and β. This model earned Hodgkin and Huxley the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology.