Magnetic Hysteresis Loop

A ferromagnet exhibits hysteresis: its magnetization M depends not just on the applied field H, but on its magnetic history. The B-H loop traces the relationship B = μ₀(H + M), revealing coercivity (H_c), remanence (B_r), and saturation as the domain structure responds to the driving field.

Coercivity H_c 0.25 Saturation B_s 0.80 Squareness 4.0 H frequency 0.60

B-H Loop H(t) B(t)

H_c = coercive field | B_r = remanence | Shaded area = hysteresis energy loss per cycle