Hodge Laplacian

Helmholtz Decomposition of 2D Vector Fields
Vector field (click to add source/sink)
Decomposition: curl-free | div-free | harmonic
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Helmholtz theorem: any vector field F = ∇φ (curl-free) + ∇×A (div-free) + harmonic.
∇·(∇φ) = ∇·F → solve Poisson for φ. ∇²A = −∇×F → solve for stream function.
Hodge decomposition generalizes this to differential forms on any manifold.