Payoffs: H vs H: (VāC)/2 (equal chance of winning/injury) | H vs D: V (Hawk takes all) |
D vs H: 0 (Dove retreats) | D vs D: V/2 (share equally). When V < C, pure Hawk is not ESS ā
mixed equilibrium p* = V/C emerges. When V > C, Hawk is always better: pure Hawk ESS.
This classic Maynard Smith (1973) model explains ritualized animal contests.