Charged particles in crossed E and B fields — E×B drift and Hall voltage
In a magnetic field B (into screen) and electric field E (rightward), charges undergo cyclotron orbits while drifting perpendicular to both fields. The drift velocity v = E×B/B² is charge-independent. The Hall voltage VH = RH·I·B/t builds up until E-field from charge accumulation balances the magnetic force.