Gravitational Lensing — Einstein Ring & Arcs

A massive foreground galaxy bends light from a background source. When aligned, a perfect Einstein ring forms. Off-axis: arcs and multiple images appear. The Einstein radius θ_E = √(4GM·D_ls / c²·D_l·D_s).

Lens Parameters

Einstein radius θ_E (pixels) 80 Source offset x 10 Source offset y 0 Source size 18 Lens ellipticity e 0.00

Lens equation: β = θ − α(θ)
SIS: α = θ_E · θ̂
Magnification: μ = (β/θ_E)²|⁻¹ ... ∞ at Einstein ring
Images: 2