Granular Gas — Haff's Cooling Law

Inelastic hard-disk collisions cause granular temperature T(t) = T₀/(1 + t/τ)² — Haff's cooling law (1983). Energy dissipates each collision: ΔKE ∝ (1−r²), where r is the coefficient of restitution.

Restitution r 0.85
Particles 80