Galaxy Mergers

Tidal tails, starburst triggers, and elliptical remnants
Speed: 2x

Tidal Tails

Differential gravity stretches stars into long tidal arms during close passages. The Antennae Galaxies show classic double tails 500,000 ly long.

Starburst

Colliding gas clouds compress and fragment, triggering massive star formation. Star formation rates can spike 100x normal during mergers.

Elliptical Remnant

After multiple passes, orbital energy dissipates. Stars randomize into an elliptical galaxy. The Milky Way–Andromeda merger is expected in ~4.5 Gyr.