Spin Ice Frustration

Pyrochlore lattice with ice rules: 2-in, 2-out per tetrahedron. Monopole pairs (3-in/1-out) emerge as topological excitations connected by Dirac strings.

Ice rule violations: 0
Monopole pairs: 0
Energy: 0
Temperature: 0.5
Spin in
Spin out
Monopole (+)
Anti-monopole (−)