Random fuse model — progressive bond breaking under applied voltage
The random fuse model (de Arcangelis et al., 1985) simulates fracture as sequential bond breaking in a resistor network. Each bond has a random threshold drawn from a disorder distribution; the bond carrying maximum current (relative to its threshold) fails first. As bonds break, current redistributes — mimicking stress concentration in fracture mechanics and the crossover from distributed damage to localized crack propagation.