🌊 RAYLEIGH-BÉNARD CONVECTION
Rayleigh number Ra:
2000
Prandtl number Pr:
1.0
Perturbation strength:
0.1
Grid resolution:
64
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Ra_c ≈ 1708 (onset of convection)
Red=hot (bottom), Blue=cold (top)
Arrows show velocity field
Rayleigh-Bénard instability (1900/1916): heated from below, fluid forms convection rolls when Ra > Ra_c ≈ 1708. Onset: σ = 0 at critical wavenumber k_c ≈ 3.117.