Couzin et al. (2002): repulsion, alignment, attraction zones drive collective behavior
Polarization: –
Angular momentum: –
Phase: –
Three-zone model (Couzin et al. 2002): each fish has zones of repulsion (avoid collision),
orientation (align direction), and attraction (move toward neighbors). Varying zone radii
produces phase transitions: swarm (high noise/small orient) → torus/milling (intermediate) →
polarized school (large orient). Blind angle behind each fish reduces rear awareness.