Exact Diagonalization

Spin-½ Heisenberg chain H = J Σᵢ Sᵢ·Sᵢ₊₁. Compute the full spectrum by exact diagonalization in the Sz=0 sector. Explore level statistics, spin structure factor S(k), and ground state correlations.

Parameters

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Physics

Heisenberg model: H = JΣᵢ(SˣᵢSˣᵢ₊₁+SʸᵢSʸᵢ₊₁+ΔSᶻᵢSᶻᵢ₊₁). Exactly solvable by Bethe ansatz (1931) but ED gives full spectrum.

Sectors: Conserved: total Sᶻ, momentum k. We diagonalize Sz=0 sector (half-filling).

Level statistics: Integrable (Bethe): Poisson distribution of level spacings. Chaotic/thermal: Wigner-Dyson (GOE). Adding disorder: Poisson → MBL transition.

Structure factor S(k): S(k)=Σⱼe^{ikj}⟨S⁰·Sⱼ⟩. AFM (J>0): peak at k=π. FM: peak at k=0.

Bethe ansatz: Ground state energy E₀/N → -ln(2)+¼ = -0.4431... as N→∞.